This test showed that a tendency to form lime deposits is reduced considerably by the Vulcan V5000 water treatment device. View PDF here →

Paper 1: The present study investigated the feasibility of RF electrical fields in mitigating CaCO3 fouling in cooling water. Three different voltages and two frequencies were used for the RF electric fields produced directly in water with varying cold-side velocity. Artificial hard water was used. Fouling resistances for the PWT- treated cases decreased by 34–88% from the values for no-treatment cases . View PDF here →

Paper 2: Study to investigate the efficacy of PWT using RFAEF to mitigate calcium carbonate fouling in a double pipe heat exchanger. View PDF here →

Paper 3: Electrodialysis in the presence of humate. It was reported that the application of external electric fields with pulsation and infrasonic pulsing could give substantial improvements in the performance of pressure-driven membrane processes by reduction of concentration polarization, control of membrane fouling . View PDF here →

Paper 4: Induction of a Radio-Frequency Alternating Electric Field (RFAEF) in water at a specific range of frequency and antenna voltage, along with its distinct sinewave waveform, changes the way minerals precipitate, minimizing hard-lime scale by producing instead a non-adherent mineral powder in the bulk water. Moreover, the unsaturated solution that is created, along with enhanced carbon dioxide production, dissolves gradually the existing scale in plumbing tubes. Furthermore, the RFAEF inductance device demon- strates a major improvement over other pulsed-power systems, proving this electronic antifouling technique suitable for both hard and soft waters, as well as for large-scale applications. View PDF here →